Background-The two principal subGROUPS of A antigen are A1 and A2. About 80% of group A individuals have red BLOOD cells (RBCs) that are agglutinated by anti-A1. At appropriate dilution, Dolichos biflorus (lectin) acts as an anti-A1 and agglutinates A1 but not A2 RBCs. The main goal of this study was to test and introduce a standardized lectin in order to differentiate the subGROUPS of A antigen in Iran. Methods-The powder form of the plant Dolichos biflorus was subjected to a series of sequential operations according to current standard protocols with some modifications. The prepared reagent was used to detect A1 and A2 cells based upon the agglutination reaction. The reagent was initially used to detect INCOMPATIBILITY reaction in 450 transfused patients at Al- Zahra teaching hospital (Isfahan, Iran) and all the results were rechecked using a standard lectin. Results-Five of 450 patients with BLOOD group A or AB showed INCOMPATIBILITY with a high anti-A1 titer after transfusion of isogroup BLOOD. Among them, 2 patients were of A2 and 3 were of A2B types. The same results were obtained by using standard lectin. Conclusion-Considering the great importance of subgroup INCOMPATIBILITY in transfusion medicine, we recommend the use of standardized lectin for the differentiation of A antigen subGROUPS before transfusion of RBCs containing the A antigen.

Introduction: The right use of BLOOD is necessary because of the high cost of correct BLOOD screening, BLOOD grouping, and cross match. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of the reserved and cross matched BLOOD before elective surgeries which were done in Bahman 22nd Hospital. It also aims at evaluating the standard guideline for ordering BLOOD.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study from 1380 to 1388 that evaluates evaluating 6145 files of the patients hospitalized in 22 Bahman 22nd Hospital for surgery during the years of 1380 to 1388. The elective operations include General surgery, Gynecology, orthopedic, ENT, Urology and Neurosurgery. The number of patients, the number of reserved and cross matched units and the number of transfused units was recorded for each group of patients collected in each GROUPS. Finally, the number of reserved BLOOD units in that period of time and in each group was compared with the standard guideline. Also the number of transfused BLOOD units was evaluated. The ratio of cross matched to transfused BLOOD units lower than 2.5 was considered as standard. And The obtained data were analyzed, using with SPSS.Results: A total of 1557 BLOOD units of BLOOD were reserved for 772 patients.1305 units (66.47%) were cross matched, but just 126 units (8.1%) were transfused. The effective factors in increasing the possibility of transfusion were the ages<20 & >80 years old, Hb £ 12, the type of surgery and the surgeon. Although after the application of the guidelines in1385, there was 64.44% decrease in the rate of cross matching rate due to the decrease in the number of patients who were cross matched, but the average of cross matched units for each patient did not change. The total of C/T index of the hospital decreased from 14.1 to 3.7.Conclusion: The appropriate correct BLOOD reserving can decrease the unnecessary BLOOD reserves, lower the pressure on BLOOD banking centers and prevent BLOOD wastage.

Background: A vast variety of factors may cause recurrent pregnancy loss. BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY of parents could cause abortion. The examination of couples or twins, BLOOD GROUPS showed that the BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY can affect adversely the outcome of pregnancy. Couples with BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY are more involved in spontaneous miscarriage. Antigenes in two different BLOOD GROUPS could disorganize implantation. Aborted embryos with normal karyotype showed more frequently BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY with their mother. Abnormal newborn and stillbirth were observed more frequent in couples with incompatible BLOOD GROUPS than without. Methods: This study investigates relationship between BLOOD GROUPS INCOMPATIBILITY and recurrent miscarriage in couples who were referred to genetic counseling clinic of Yazd Research & Clinical Center for Infertility. The BLOOD group of 100 couples with recurrent miscarriage was evaluated using slide test method. Their abortions were unknown after possible evaluation. One hundred and twelve fertile couples entered to this study as control group, which have at least two normal children without any abortion. Results: The results showed BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY was more frequent in couples with recurrent abortion than fertile couples. Conclusion: BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY of parents could causes antigen-antibody interaction between mother and fetus, which ended with abortion. In previous study it was believed that BLOOD group INCOMPATIBILITY cases fetal anemia and stillbirth.

Background and Objectives One of the dangers of BLOOD transfusions is the mistakes that lead to the wrong BLOOD transfusion to the patient. This study was performed to identify the types of errors that lead to incompatible transfusions to prevent their recurrence and increase recipients health. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on complications of ABO INCOMPATIBILITY caused by transfusion in 2019 in Shiraz hospitals. Demographic characteristics of BLOOD recipients (age, sex, diagnosis, history of transfusion, BLOOD type), type of product received, BLOOD type of product received, incompatible BLOOD volume injected, symptoms and causes of ABO INCOMPATIBILITY were determined. Chi-square and t-test were used to analyze data. Results A total of 9 complications of ABO INCOMPATIBILITY were reported,7 cases (77. 8%) were due to packed red BLOOD cells, one case (11. 1%) due to platelet injection and one (11. 1%) due to plasma injection. Seven cases occurred in patients undergoing surgery, one case in neonates and one in thalassemia patients. In terms of clinical symptoms, only one patient developed chills. The rest of the patients had no symptoms. The most common error leading to inconsistency was the lack of accurate identification in 6 cases (66. 7%) and in 2 cases (22. 2%) sampling error and in one (11. 1%) incorrect group writing. Conclusions It seems that in order to promote safe BLOOD transfusion, it is important to investigate the occurrence of ABO incompatibilities in order to identify BLOOD transfusion chain errors in order to identify the causes of errors and prevent the recurrence of these complications.

Background and Aim: One of the main goals of BLOOD transfusion medicine is to determine the compatibility of the BLOOD products with the patients. Therefore, clinical and laboratory (serologic) evaluations should be done to determine the maximum compatibility (or minimum INCOMPATIBILITY). The most known BLOOD GROUPS is the ABO antigenic system and the most important of them is Rh system. Among these, the most common antigen that results in INCOMPATIBILITY reaction is D antigen. The occurrence of all immune hemolytic reactions in other subsets of the Rh BLOOD group is rare. Specifically, anti-C antibody is one of the rare causes of hemolytic disease in neonates, which has been reported in the articles.Case Presentation: The patient was a 85- year- old female, who was candidate for an extensive excision of right lower limb's chronic wound. The patient required packed-cell transfusion to correct anemia before surgery. Due to INCOMPATIBILITY of the patient's BLOOD with any of the same ABO and Rh BLOOD products, the panels of all BLOOD group antibodies were checked, which revealed positive anti-C antibody. Other antibodies were negative.Conclusions: In the patients with INCOMPATIBILITY with the same ABO and Rh BLOOD products, other BLOOD GROUPS should also be considered in order to prevent the transfusion complications by using a product with maximum compatibility (minimum INCOMPATIBILITY).

ABO BLOOD type antigens are polymorphic, inherited structures presented on the surface of red BLOOD cells. Although ABO BLOOD group antigens are the most important antigens in transfusion medicine but their main role is not clearly clarified yet. The correlation between ABO BLOOD group and susceptibility to certain infectious and non-infectious diseases is a controversial issue because lack of BLOOD type antigens has not been related to significant diseases or health risks. There are many studies that aim to prove that BLOOD antigens are biologically active and carbohydrate structures involving to the “cell physiology and human pathology”. This review summarizes the available data concerning the correlation between BLOOD group antigens and different aspects of health. We therefore investigated whether certain BLOOD type antigens could affect susceptibility to diseases or make a phenotype resistant.

There are reports from different countries that some types of glaucoma are associated with BLOOD GROUPS. This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 glaucomatous patients [100 patients in each group of Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), chronic angle closure glaucoma (CACG), pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG)] and 400 BLOOD donors as control group to assess the association between BLOOD GROUPS and glaucoma. All patients underwent ABO and Rh BLOOD group testing. The prevalence of BLOOD group A was 30% in the control group, 27% in POAG, 33% in CACA, 38% in PEXG and 36% in PCG. The prevalence of BLOOD group B was 24% in the control group, 19% in POAG, 20% in CACG, 15% in PEXG and 34% in PCG (P < 0.025). The prevalence of BLOOD group AB was 8% in the control group, 9% in POAG, 5% in CACG, 12% in PEXG, and 8% in PCG. The prevalence of BLOOD group O was 38% in the control group, 45% in POAC, 42% in CACG, 35% in PEXG and 22% in PCG (P < 0.001). The prevalence of Rh+ was 88% in the control group, 84% in POAG, 87% in CACG, 86% in PEXG and 87% in PCG. Compared to control group, BLOOD group B was more prevalent and BLOOD group O was less prevalent in PCG. There was no association between other types of BLOOD GROUPS (ABO and Rh) and PCG. There was no association between BLOOD GROUPS (ABO and Rh) and other types of glaucoma.

Background and Objectives ABO-incompatible allo-HSCT leads to complications like pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), which involves 7-16% of ABO-incompatible recipients. In this condition, albeit the development of other hematopoietic lineages in the bone marrow engraftment is successful, erythroid precursors are missing,thus, patients may require BLOOD transfusions because of severe anemia. An extensive variety of treatment strategies has been introduced for treating PRCA patients. This study reviewed the various PRCA treatments following allo-HSCT. Materials and Methods In this Review study, keywords including Pure Red-Cell Aplasia, Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, and ABO BLOOD-Group System were searched in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Sixty-four articles were reviewed, and related data were extracted. Results There are three main approaches for treating PRCA: erythropoiesis with erythropoietin, reducing isoagglutinin levels, and immunomodulatory therapies/graft versus plasma cell effect. Conclusions Monoclonal antibody drugs targeting plasma cells have shown unprecedented results. Overall, PRCA management ways incorporate: individual patients’,evaluation in order to select the proper treatment management for each case, a thorough monitoring approach from the first day of hospitalization, and predicting the possibility of PRCA as indicated by BLOOD group antibodies’,levels.